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| Macro and Micro Nutrients needed by plants |
Plants, and other living organisms need sufficient and balanced nutrition to grow and develop properly. The following article is a
summary of some of the sources to supplement our knowledge of the
essential nutrients list for growth and development of our plant.
Basically, when we want to do cultivation, crop any, knowledge of the
essential nutrients list
for the plants indispensable on what types of nutrients what we need to
give to the plants we were suppose that the leaves are not green and it
applies to plant whatever we cultivated.
This knowledge is required at least at the time of
application of fertilizer so that proper and balanced, because both excessive
nutrients or nutrient deficiency can lead to
plant
growth is not optimal. This knowledge is necessary when we observe our
process plant growth after transplanting. When plant growth is not in
line with what we expect, we can do an evaluation and appropriate action
before it is too late.
Broadly speaking, the plant or plant requires two types of essential
nutrients to support optimal growth and development. A list of the
essential nutrients that we often call was
Macro Nutrients and
Micro Nutrients.
Here are two types of the following nutrients usual symptoms arise, either when the deficiency or excess of these elements;
Macro Nutrient
Nutrients Macro nutrients are needed plants in relatively large amounts.
The list is as follows:
1. Nitrogen (N)
Nitrogen element with the symbol of N, was instrumental in the formation
of plant cells, tissues, and organs of plants. Nitrogen has a primary
function as a synthetic material of chlorophyll, protein, and amino
acids.
Therefore, the element Nitrogen is needed in large enough quantities,
especially when entering a phase of vegetative growth. Together with the
element phosphorus (P), Nitrogen is used to regulate plant growth
overall.
There are two forms of nitrogen, namely ammonium (NH4) and nitrate
(NO3). Based on a number of research experts, prove Ammonium should be
no more than 25% of the total nitrogen concentration. If excessive, the
plants became a big figure but susceptible to disease. Nitrogen derived
from ammonium will slow growth due to binding of carbohydrates to supply
a bit. Thus the food reserve as capital for flowering will also be
minimal. Consequently incapable of flowering plants. Had dominant
Nitrate Nitrogen form, then the cells will be compact and robust plant
that is more resistant to disease. To determine the N content and
the form of nitrogen from fertilizers can be seen from the packaging.
Nitrogen deficiency
The characteristics of the plants Nitrogen deficiency can be recognized
from the bottom leaf. Yellowing leaves on the section due to lack of
chlorophyll. In the further process, the leaves will dry up and fall
off. The bones below the surface of young leaves will look pale. Plant
growth slows, stunted and weak. As a result, the production of flowers
and seeds will be low.
Excess Nitrogen
Excess amounts of Nitrogen also need to
watch
out. The characteristics of the plant when its excess N elements are
leaf color is too green, leafy plant with leaves. Disposal process
becomes long. Adenium will be sekulen because it contains a lot of
water. It causes the plant susceptible to attack by fungi and diseases,
as well as easy to collapse. Flower production will decrease.
2. Phosphorus or Phosphorus (P)
The element phosphorus (P) is a constituent component of several
enzymes, proteins, ATP, RNA, and DNA. ATP is critical to energy transfer
processes, while RNA and DNA determines the genetic properties of the
plant. P element also plays a role in the growth of the seeds, roots,
flowers, and fruit. Effect on root is the improved root
structure so that absorption of the nutrients the plant becomes better.
Together with the element Potassium, Phosphorus is used to stimulate the
flowering process. It was fair because the crop needs to phosphorus
increased height when the plant will bloom.
Phosphorous deficiency (P)
The characteristics starting from old leaves become purple and tend to
gray. Edges of leaves become brown, bone young leaves are dark green.
Scorched, the growth of small leaves, stunted, and eventually fall out. A
phase of slow growth and dwarf plants.
Excess Phosphorous (P)
Excess P causes the absorption of other elements, especially in trace
elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) is disturbed.
However, no visible physical symptoms in plants.
3. Potassium (K)
Element Potassium acts as a regulator of plant physiological processes
such as photosynthesis, accumulation, translocation, transport of
carbohydrates, opening closing of stomata, or regulate the distribution
of water in the tissues and cells. This element deficiency causes the
leaves as terbakardan eventually fall.
Potassium element is closely related to calcium and magnesium. There is
the nature of the antagonism between potassium and calcium. And also
between potassium and magnesium. The nature of this antagonism led to
the defeat of one of the elements to be absorbed plant if the
composition is not balanced. The element potassium is absorbed faster by
the plant compared to calcium and magnesium. If the element potassium
excess symptoms are similar to magnesium deficiency. Therefore, the
nature of the antagonism between potassium and magnesium is greater than
the nature of the antagonism between potassium and calcium. Although
demkian, in some cases, excess potassium calcium deficiency symptoms are
similar plants.
Potassium deficiency
K deficiency can be seen from the bottom dry leaves or spotting charred.
This element deficiency causes the leaves as terbakardan eventually
fall. Easy to fall off and fall flowers. Leaf edge 'scorched', leaf
roll down, and vulnerable to disease.
Excess Potassium
Excess K causing impaired absorption of Ca and Mg. Stunted plant growth. so the plants have deficiencies.
4. Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is an
activator that
plays a role in energy transport several enzymes in plants. This element
is very dominant presence in the leaves, especially for the
availability of chlorophyll. So adequacy of magnesium is needed to
expedite the process of photosynthesis. That element is also a core
component of the formation of chlorophyll and enzymes in
various process of protein synthesis.
Magnesium deficiency causes a number of elements not transported because little energy is
available. Carried only weighs elements 'light' as nitrogen. As a result, the cells formed large but thin. Tissues become weak and long
distances between segments. These characteristics exactly as etiolation-deficiency symptoms light on the plants.
Magnesium deficiency
Yellow spots appear on the surface of old leaves. This occurs because Mg
transported to the young leaves. Old leaves eventually become weak and
susceptible to disease, especially powdery mildew (powdery mildew).
Excess Magnesium
Excess Mg does not cause extreme symptoms.
5. Calcium (Ca)
This element is the greatest role of cell growth. He is the component
that amplifies, and set the penetrating power, as well as taking care of
the cell wall. His role is very important in the growing point of the
root. Even if there defiensi Ca, formation and impaired root growth and
nutrient absorption resulting in stunted. Ca plays a role in the process
of cell division and elongation, and regulate the distribution of
photosynthesis.
Calcium deficiency
Symptoms of calcium deficiency is the growing point is weak, deformed
leaves, curl, small, and eventually fall out. Calcium causes high but
not stocky plant. Because a direct effect on the growing point of the
shortcomings of this element causes the flower production is hampered.
Flowers fall also effect calcium deficiency.
Excess Calcium
Excess calcium did not affect much, it only affects the pH of the soil.
6. Sulfur or Sulfur (S)
Excess Sulfur
In general, plants need in the formation of sulfur amino acids cystine,
cysteine and methionine. Besides, it's also a part of biotin,
thiamine, co-enzyme A and glutationin. An estimated 90% S in plants is
found in the form of amino acids, which is one of its main functions is
the building blocks of protein that is in the formation of disulfide
bonds between peptide chains. Sulfur (S) is a part (constituent) from
the metabolism of complex compounds. Sulfur also functions as an activator, and enzyme cofactors or regulatory role in the physiology of plants
Sulfur deficiency
The amount required by the plant S is equal to the amount of phosphorus
(P). Kekahatan S inhibit protein synthesis and it is this which can
cause nitrogen deficiency chlorosis such plants. S deficiency further
suppress the growth of shoots from the root growth. Symptoms of
deficiency S is more apparent on young leaves with the colors of leaves
that turn yellow as the mobility is very low in plants (Haneklaus and
decrease in chlorophyll content drastically on the leaves is a typical
symptom in plants that experienced deficient S. Deficient S causes the
inhibition of protein synthesis were correlated with the accumulation N
and dissolved organic nitrates.
Nutrient Micro
Micro elements are elements that plants need in small amounts. Although
only absorbed in small amounts, but it is very important to the success
of the processes in the plant. Without micro elements, Adenium flowers
do not appear prima. Interest will be limp, etc. The micro elements are:
boron, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum.
1. Boron (B)
Boron is closely linked with the process of formation, division and
differentiation and division of cells. This is related to its role in
synthetic RNA, the basic material forming cells. Boron is transported
from the roots to penetrate the plant through xylem vessels. Boron in
the soil available in limited quantities and easily leached. Boron
deficiency is most often found in adenium. Characteristics like leaves
variegeta.
Boron deficiency
The leaves are darker than normal leaves, thick and wrinkled.
Excess Boron
Ends of the leaves yellow and necrotic
2. Copper (Cu)
Copper is an essential function activator and bring some enzymes. He was
also instrumental help smooth the process of photosynthesis. Forming
chlorophyll, and plays a role in reproductive function is.
Disadvantages Copper (Cu)
Bluish-green leaves, leaf buds furl and grow small, stunted growth rate.
Excess Copper (Cu)
Plants grow stunted, limited branching, root formation is inhibited, root thickened and dark.
3. Zinc or Zinc (Zn)
Almost similar to Mn and Mg, sting role in enzyme activator, chlorophyll
formation and helps the process of photosynthesis. Deficiency usually
occurs in the media who have long been used.
Disadvantages Zinc (Zn)
Slow growth, the distance between the short book, leaves dwarf,
wrinkled, or roll to one side and then followed with a loss. The fruit
will turn yellow, open, and finally fall. Fruit will be weak so that the
fruit should bend straight.
Excess Zinc (Zn)
Excess zinc showed no real impact.
4. Iron or Ferro (Fe)
Iron plays a role in the formation of the protein, as a catalyst for the
formation of chlorophyll. Iron acts as an electron carrier in the
process of photosynthesis and respiration, as well as activator of some
enzymes. This element is not easy to move when there is a shortage
sehigga difficult to repair. Fe is most often conflicting or
antagonistic with other micro elements. To reduce the effect, it is
often wrapped with Chelate Fe (chelate) as EDTA (ethylene diamine
tetra-acetic acid). EDTA is an organic component that is stabilizing the
metal ion. The presence of Fe EDTA then antagonist properties at high
pH is reduced considerably. In the market encountered with Fe-EDTA
brand.
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency is indicated by symptoms of chlorosis and leaf yellowing
or nekrosa. Young leaves appear white due to lack of chlorophyll.
Additionally occurs because of damage to the roots. If adenium removed
from the pot will be visible pieces of dead roots.
Excess Iron
Provision of fertilizer with high Fe content causes necrosis characterized by the appearance of black spots on the leaves.
5. Molybdenum (Mo)
Mo serves as an electron carrier to convert nitrates into enzymes. This element also plays a role in nitrogen fixation.
Disadvantages Molybdenum
Indicated by the appearance of chlorosis in older leaves, then spread to the young leaves
Excess Molybdenum
Excess do not show obvious symptoms at adenium.
6. Manganese (Mn)
Excess Manganese
Manganese is a micro elements that plants need in an amount not too
much. Manganese is important in the synthesis of chlorophyll in addition
it acts as a coenzyme, as an activator of several enzymes of
respiration, in the reaction of nitrogen metabolism and photosynthesis.
Manganese is also required to activate nitrate reductase that are
experiencing a shortage of manganese plants require a source of N in the
form of NH4 +. The role of manganese in photosynthesis related to the
release of electrons from the water in the solution into hydrogen and
oxygen.
Nutrient function Manganese (Mn) for the plant are:
a. Needed by plants for the formation of protein and vitamins, especially vitamin C
b. Instrumental in maintaining the condition of the green leaves on the old leaf
c. Feroksidase acts as an enzyme activator and as various enzymes
d. Serving as an important component for the smooth process of assimilation
Mn is needed in culture cotyledons of lettuce to spur growth in the
number of shoots produced. Mn in high levels can substitute Mo in the
culture of tomato roots. Mn can replace Mg in a certain enzyme systems
as evidenced by Hewith in 1948.
Manganese deficiency
Nutrient deficiency, or in other words a shortage of nutrients, can
cause abnormal plant growth which could be caused by a deficiency of one
or more nutrients, the disorder can be a specific visual symptoms.
Mn is a constituent of ribosomes and also enable the polymerase, protein
synthesis, carbohydrate. Act as an activator for a major enzyme in the
Krebs cycle, are needed to function in a normal photosynthetic
chloroplasts, no indication is needed in the synthesis of chlorophyll.
Deficiency elements Mn, among others: the broad-leaved plant,
interveinal chlorosis on young leaves like kekahatan Fe but more spread
to the older leaves, the cereal patches of color grayish to brownish in
color and stripes in the middle and the base The young leaves, split
seed on lupine plants.
Identification Symptoms of manganese deficiency is relative, often a
nutrient deficiency in conjunction with an excess of other nutrients. On
the field is not easy to distinguish the symptoms of deficiency. Not
infrequently pests and diseases resembling a micro-nutrient deficiency
symptoms. Symptoms can occur due to various reasons.
Symptoms of manganese deficiency showed necrotic spots on the leaves.
Mobility of manganese is complex and depends on the species and age of
the plant so that early symptoms can be seen on young leaves or older
leaves .. manganese deficiency is characterized by yellowing of the
leaves between the bones leaves. While the bone itself leaves remain
green.
7. Chlorine (Cl)
Excess Chlorine
Involved in osmosis (movement of water or solutes in cells), the ion
balance necessary for plants to take up mineral elements and in
photosynthesis.
Chlorine deficiency
Can cause symptoms that are less normal leaf growth in plants,
especially vegetables, leaves appear less healthy and copper-colored.
Sometimes the growth of tomato plants, wheat and cotton showed the
symptoms as above.
8. Sodium (Na)
Excess Sodium
Involved in osmotic (water movement) and ionic balance in plants. One of
the negative effects of excess Na is that it can reduce the
availability K.
Sodium deficiency
The leaves can be green tenaman old and thin. Plants quickly wither.
9. Cobalt (Co)
Excess Cobalt
Cobalt is much higher for nitrogen fixation than ammonium nutrition.
Levels of nitrogen deficiency can lead to symptoms of deficiency.
Cobalt deficiency
Reduce the formation of hemoglobin and nitrogen fixation
10. Silicone (Si)
Excess Silicone
Si can improve results through increased efficiency of photosynthesis
and induces resistance to pests and diseases found as a component of the
cell wall. Plants with supply of soluble silicon produce stronger
plants, increase the heat and drought of plants, tolerance silicon can
be stored by plants at the site of infection by fungus to combat the
penetration of the cell wall by fungal attack.
Silicon shortage
Can result in plants susceptible to disease.
11. Nickel (Ni)
Excess Nickel
Required for the enzyme urease to decompose urea in liberating nitrogen
into a form that can be used for crops. Nickel is required for iron
absorption. Nickel seeds need to germinate. Plants grown without
additional nickel will gradually reach the level of shortages as they
mature and begin reproductive growth
Nickel deficiency
Nickel deficiency of elements in plants will lead to a failure to produce viable seed.
4. Honey is the only food that includes all the substances necessary to sustain life, including
enzymes,
vitamins, minerals, and water; and it's the only food that contains "pinocembrin", an
antioxidant
associated with improved brain functioning. 
The
honey bee's wings stroke incredibly fast, about 200 beats per second,
thus making their famous, distinctive buzz. A honey bee can fly for up
to six miles, and as fast as 15 miles per hour.
During
winter, honey bees feed on the honey they collected during the warmer
months. They form a tight cluster in their hive to keep the queen and
themselves warm.
The
West Central Co-op in Adair, Iowa, has also had to pile grain outside
this fall. A fast and early harvest combined with record soybean yields
forced the elevator to throw together a temporary soybean pile outside
to allow members to continue to progress through harvest. 
