Central Asia: CGIAR Promotes Sustainable Land Management | ICARDA

August 12, 2015

12 August 2015, ICARDA — “With the IFAD-funded ICARDA project to streamline the creation and use of knowledge about sustainable land management (SLM) in the five Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), efforts to combat land degradation in Central Asia have received a new impetus.
This initiative aims to improve knowledge on SLM practices in the region, tailor this practical knowledge to the needs of local populations and authorities as well as shape better informed policies. It also intends to establish a platform to consolidate knowledge and promote sustainable land management approaches and technologies that have already been devised by researchers in the five Central Asian countries. …”
Photo caption: Partners of the knowledge management project of the Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM) on a Field Day

In Mexico, 1500 smallholders build their sustainable landscape | Global Landscapes Forum

August 12, 2015

12 August 2015,  Global Landscape Forum — “In recognition for their work, Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible has won the 2013 Land for Life Award.
The Amanalco Valle Bravo Basin in central Mexico provides vital water and forest resources to millions of people. But recently the land has suffered due to population pressures and unplanned development. CCMSS has built the capacity of 1,500 families of smallholder farmers for sustainable agriculture and forestry management over 15,200 hectares. They also are piloting carbon finance (REDD+) and payment for ecosystem services programs in Mexico.”

Updated Map Shows Biofortification’s Growing Global Reach | IFPRI

September 21, 2015

21 September 2015, IFPRI —

Nearly 50 countries are now growing or testing biofortified crops, demonstrating the global momentum to promote these nutritious staple crops to more farmers and consumers. At the Second Global Conference on Biofortification (GCOBII) last year, participants committed to scaling up biofortified crops. Since then, five more countries have released nutritious crops, and an additional eight countries are evaluating them prior to release to farmers.
HarvestPlus has published an updated map showing the countries that are now growing or testing biofortified crops. The crops range from vitamin A plantain to zinc wheat.

Seeds of Sustainability in Afghanistan | ICARDA

August 12, 2015

12 August 2015, ICARDA — “After three decades of war, the agricultural sector in Afghanistan, which is the main source of food and income for many in the country, requires creative and innovative thinking to support the agricultural economy and national development efforts. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), poor quality seed is one of the major hindrances in agricultural sustainability and improving poor livelihoods.
To address this challenge, ICARDA along with MAIL initiated the Community, Livestock, and Agriculture Project (CLAP) in 2014 to conduct research and provide quality seeds of cereals, vegetables and forage crops to farmers in Kabul, Parwan and Logar provinces. The project is being funded by IFAD for six years.Under this project, ICARDA provided improved seeds of wheat to 45 farmers in Parwan province to establish demo-plots in their villages. With this improved quality of seed, the average yield of farmers has doubled on the demo-farms. …”
Photo: Mr. Ajab Gul showing his yield from Zagras variety of wheat. Credit ICARDA

In Kenya Sustainable Tea Burns Food Waste Not Trees |

August 15, 2015

15 August 2015
SciDev.Net —

“Tea production is an energy-thirsty business. Typically, wood is burned to dry tea leaves, but forests must also be cleared to make room for plantations.
Now a factory in Makomboki, 85 kilometres north of Nairobi, in Kenya, is trying to reduce deforestation by using macadamia, cashew and rice husks instead of timber. By doing so, it went from cutting down up to 60,000 trees a year to solely using waste biomass.
But experts warn that, although this reduces waste and spares forests, the system may not be the way to go, since burning biomass still emits carbon. …”

Arsenic found in many American red wines, but health risks depend on total diet

Date:

September 29, 2015

Source:

University of Washington

Summary:

A new study that tested 65 wines from America's top four wine-producing states -- California, Washington, New York and Oregon -- found all but one have arsenic levels that exceed US drinking water standards. But health risks from that naturally-occurring toxic element depend on how many other high-arsenic foods and beverages, such as apple juice, rice, or cereal bars, an individual person eats.

FULL STORY

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency allows drinking water to contain no more than 10 parts per billion of arsenic. The wine samples in this study ranged from 10 to 76 parts per billion, with an average of 24 parts per billion.

Credit: © BillionPhotos.com / Fotolia

A new University of Washington study that tested 65 wines from America's top four wine-producing states -- California, Washington, New York and Oregon -- found all but one have arsenic levels that exceed what's allowed in drinking water.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency allows drinking water to contain no more than 10 parts per billion of arsenic. The wine samples ranged from 10 to 76 parts per billion, with an average of 24 parts per billion.
But a companion study concluded that the likely health risks from that naturally-occurring toxic element depend on how many other foods and beverages known to be high in arsenic, such as apple juice, rice, or cereal bars, an individual person eats. The highest risks from arsenic exposure stem from certain types of infant formulas, the study estimated.
The two studies from UW electrical engineering professor Denise Wilson appear on the cover of the October 2015 issue of the Journal of Environmental Health.
"Unless you are a heavy drinker consuming wine with really high concentrations of arsenic, of which there are only a few, there's little health threat if that's the only source of arsenic in your diet," said Wilson.
"But consumers need to look at their diets as a whole. If you are eating a lot of contaminated rice, organic brown rice syrup, seafood, wine, apple juice -- all those heavy contributors to arsenic poisoning -- you should be concerned, especially pregnant women, kids and the elderly."
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is toxic to humans in some forms, and can cause skin, lung and bladder cancers, and other diseases. As rain, rivers or wind erode rocks that contain arsenic, it leaches into water and soil. From there, the toxic metalloid can work its way into the food chain.
The UW study is the first peer-reviewed research in decades to look at the arsenic content of American wines. As a group, they had higher arsenic levels than their European counterparts, likely due to the underlying geology of U.S. wine growing regions.
The study looked at red wines, except from two areas in Washington where only white wines were produced, because they are made with the skin of grapes where arsenic that is absorbed from soil tends to concentrate.
Wilson also tested for lead, which is a common co-contaminant. The study found lead in 58 percent of the samples, but only 5 percent -- all from New York -- exceeded drinking water standards.
Washington wines had the highest arsenic concentrations, averaging 28 parts per billion, while Oregon's had the lowest, averaging 13 parts per billion.
"There were no statistical differences among Washington, New York and California," she said. "The only star in the story is Oregon, where arsenic concentrations were particularly low."
Where possible, the study also compared wines grown in "new" vineyards and those that had been converted from other agricultural uses like orchards, where farmers likely used arsenic-based pesticides that were popular in the early 20th century. It found some evidence that higher levels of arsenic in Washington red wines could be a result of pesticide residue.
Because the average adult drinks far more water (between 1.7 and 3.2 cups per day) than even core or frequent wine drinkers (roughly a half cup per day on average), it's an imperfect comparison to gauge health risks based on the EPA drinking water standard of 10 parts per billion. That's why Wilson also evaluated how much arsenic individuals can safely consume from all the sources in their diet.
In a companion study, she compiled consumption data for foods that have been shown to contain arsenic -- juice, milk, bottled water, wine, cereal bars, infant formula, rice, salmon and tuna.
From that, she was able to determine how much of an arsenic "dose" an average child or adult would get from each food source and how close it would come to risk thresholds set by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry for total arsenic consumption across a person's diet.
For the core or frequent adult wine drinker, the arsenic consumed from that single source would only make up 10 to 12 percent of the total maximum recommended daily arsenic intake. But if that person also eats large quantities of contaminated rice, tuna or energy bars, for instance, that could push that individual's arsenic consumption beyond levels that are considered safe.
A person who eats an average or large amount of contaminated rice would get between 41 and 101 percent of the maximum recommended daily dose of arsenic from that one source alone, the study found. A child who drinks apple juice could get a quarter of the maximum daily arsenic dose from that single source.
The food that posed the largest risk of arsenic poisoning was infant formula made with organic brown rice syrup, an alternative to high-fructose corn syrup. Wilson estimated that some infants eating large amounts of certain formulas may be getting more than 10 times the daily maximum dose of arsenic.
Based on recent studies that have found arsenic in numerous foods and beverages, Wilson recommends that U.S. wineries test for arsenic and lead in irrigation and processing water and take steps to remove those contaminants if levels are found to be high.
But rather than litigate against vineyards -- as some have done -- she would encourage consumers to evaluate their diets more holistically and speak with a doctor if they have concerns. Tests are available that can detect high arsenic levels and tend to capture arsenic exposure over longer histories than other toxic chemicals.
"The whole idea that you would sue a winery for having arsenic in their wine is like suing someone for having rocks in their yard," Wilson said. "My goal is to get people away from asking the question 'who do we blame?' and instead offer consumers a better understanding of what they're ingesting and how they can minimize health risks that emerge from their diets."
More information on the published article can be found at: http://www.neha.org/node/3232

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Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by University of Washington. The original item was written by Jennifer Langston. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Denise Wilson. Arsenic Content in American Wine. Journal of Environmental Health, October 2015, Volume 78, No. 3

The Rise of the Soil Carbon Cowboys |

August 19, 2015

19 August 2015, Green Biz, Peter Byck — “Ranching is a rare occupation. Rarer still are the ranchers pioneering new ways to graze cattle, transforming their ranches and farms into vibrant ecosystems, producing black ink for their bank accounts and giving their incredibly robust animals a great life (with the exception of one bad day).
These new grazing methods have many names — mob grazing, managed intensive grazing, holistic management. Our group of scientists and ranchers call it Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) Grazing.
As you can see in our short film, “Soil Carbon Cowboys” (it’ll take you 12 minutes), AMP grazing helps ranchers regenerate their soils, with cascading benefits: More water soaks into and stays in the soil; soil microbes thrive; plant nutrition and production levels take off; and wildlife — from bugs to birds to large mammals — flocks to the ranches. …”

Healthier, more sustainable olive oil

Date:

September 7, 2015

Source:

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Summary:

The benefits of virgin olive oil is due to minority compounds that can be increased with sustainable irrigation strategies, a team of researchers has confirmed.

FULL STORY

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Olive grove of Cornicaba variety in flowering phase.

Credit: David Pérez López

A team of researchers, that includes UPM, has confirmed that a part of the benefits of virgin olive oil is due to minority compounds that can be increased with sustainable irrigation strategies.

Researchers from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Center for Soil Science and Applied Biology Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) from Université de Montpellier and the Centro Agrario El Chaparrillo of Castilla-La Mancha have carried out an experimental work for irrigation of an olive grove in order to verify the effects on water stress on both the quantity and quality of the resulting oil. After two years of research, they proved that the usage of regulated deficit irrigation does not affect on the quantity of production, but it does causes a content increase of phytoprostanes in the oil which are beneficial components to health, therefore it seems to be a good practice for irrigation of olive groves since, besides, It is more sustainable for the environment.
Olive oil is one of the main components of the Mediterranean diet and Spain, with 2.5 million hectares of cropped area, its main producer. Recent studies suggest links between various olive oil components and their beneficial effects on health. In this sense, it is important to highlight that this functional food has high levels of monounsaturated acids such as oleic acid which has beneficial effects on cardiovascular and liver health. Besides, olive oil has multiples minor components such as polyphenols that have a high biological activity.
Phytoprostanes are other minor components present in olive oil which are not only excellent biomarkers of oxidative degradation products of plants, but also are considered biologically active molecules as they are components of an archaic signaling system to protect plants against oxidative damage. These components are found in free and esterified plants. However, due to lack of enough enzymes for hydrolyzing esters, only those found in their free form are absorbed by our body. Although little is still known about its biological effects, there are evidences that phytoprostanes can help to modulate the function of the vascular system and immune system.
Despite the fact that olive crops are traditionally developed in dry conditions, it has been proved that irrigation is an essential practice to improve olive oil production and productivity. However, over the last years, there have been other problems apart from arid climate conditions and persistent water shortages such as the strong competition with other non-agricultural users. Thus, in order to face this water scarcity, a sustainable irrigation has to combine a production increase with minimal water usage.
Thus, a group of researchers from UPM, CEBAS-CSIC, IBMM and from the Centro Agrario El Chaparrillo experimented with a particular practice of irrigation: regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) that consists of restricting irrigation during the phases in which water stress have no impact on production.
This research was carried out in an olive grove of the Cornicabra variety with an area of 7x5 m in Ciudad Real. During two years, 2012 and 2013, researchers conducted a control treatment, watered to avoid water stress and three RDI treatments. As a result of the last treatments, diverse levels of water stress were triggered during the phase of pit hardening.
It was observed that although water stress does not affect on quantity production it does affect on its quality thanks to an increase of phytoprostanes which are beneficial for health. Researchers have found that the level of phytoprostanes changes every year, possibly due to environmental conditions or due to tree loads. This may be a topic for future research.
Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is therefore a recommended practice for irrigation of olive groves to achieve healthier food apart from being more sustainable.

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Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. COLLADO-GONZÁLEZ, J.; PÁREZ-LÓPEZ, D.; MEMMI, H.; CARMEN GIJÓN, M.; MEDINA, S.; DURAND, T.; GUY, A.; GALANO, J.M.; FERRERES, F.; TORRECILLAS, A.; GIL-IZQUIERDO, A. Water Deficit during Pit Hardening Enhances Phytoprostanes Content, a Plant Biomarker of Oxidative Stress, in Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63 (14): 3784-3792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.51300805

How COP 21 is Feeding Kellogg’s Supply Chain Strategy | Green Biz

August 3, 2015

3 August 2015, Green Biz, Barbara Brady — “In the wheat fields of eastern Michigan, third-generation farmer Justin Krick is using electronic-soil-reading gadgets and GPS mapping that his father and great-uncle say they never needed — but appreciate now.
The precision agriculture devices made by Syngenta allow Krick to vary nutrient and water management field-by-field, depending on data about soil type and saturation levels, rather than use a one-size-fits-all approach for the farm’s 1,200 acres.
“That greatly reduced the amount of fertilizer needed because it is only placed in certain fields now. That’s been a real big thing; it cuts down on the amount we need,” Krick said. And it has two major results: “a cost savings to the farm, but also sustainability because we are not overapplying anything and we are able to get maximum yield.”
The Krick family supplies soft white winter wheat to Kellogg through the local Star of the West Milling Company. Kellogg’s uses this Michigan wheat to make its Mini-Wheat cereals.As a partner in the Kellogg Great Lakes Origin program, Krick and Star of the West Mill are also supplying pieces to a grand sustainability plan that not only is rippling through Kellogg’s supply chain in Michigan but has ramifications that might be heard in Paris at COP 21 in December. Businesses will be at the table this year when international delegates meet to forge a global carbon reduction agreement. …”

ABOUT TRICHODERMA SP AND BENEFIT OF AGRICULTURAL

ABOUT TRICHODERMA SP AND BENEFIT OF AGRICULTURAL

Greetings friends of farmers, this time I will discuss about trichoderma, what it trichoderama ?? according to some literature Trichoderma sp is a kind of fungus / fungi including ascomycetes class. Trichoderma sp. has antifungal activity. Trichoderma in natural forests are found in soil and agricultural land, or the woody substrate.

Well already on trichoderma know if it is a kind of fungi, but this fungus is a fungus that is good to help farmers to keep their land fertile. loh kok could fertile ?? let's see the usefulness trichoderma sp.

Micro fungus Trichoderma are parasites / parasitic on other fungi species. Well because of the nature - this is the nature of the trichoderma can be utilized as biocontrol agents of fungal species fitopatogen. Advantages and advantages are easily monitored and can proliferate, so its presence in the environment can survive. other than as a biological fungicide I mentioned other uses and advantages of trichoderma:

Accelerate the weathering process of organic material such as straw, weeds, etc.
Outlining the nutrients bound in the soil
Make loose soil / improve soil structure

This fungus has several advantages, among others:
Easily isolated, developed, and wide adaptability
Easily found on the ground planting area, allows for growth at the moment the application easier.
Can grow rapidly on a variety of substrates.
Has a wide range micro parasites.
Generally not pathogenic to plants.
As biological agents, Trichoderma potentially keeping the immune system for example plants from pathogens such as fungal pathogens. On papaya plants are vulnerable to disease root rot ('Ganoderma' sp.), Cabbage plants are susceptible root disease mace, chilli plants are vulnerable to fusarium wilt, corn plants are susceptible diseases, the use of 'Trichoderma' as an agent antagonist is an alternative control that I recommend.

the nature and work trichoderma:
 Micro parasites (parasitic fungus mycelium other by penetrating the cell wall and into the cells to take up nutrients from the cell so that the fungus will die).
Produce antibiotics such as alametichin, paracelsin, trichotoxin fungus that can destroy cells via the destruction of cell membrane permeability and enzyme chitinase, laminarinase which can cause lysis of the cell wall.
Have the ability to compete for a place to live and food sources.
Has the ability to perform interference hyphae. Hyphae of Trichoderma sp. It would lead to changes in the permeability of the cell wall.

So for lovers of organic crops can try to take advantage of these microorganisms, and for who want to know how to create or breed these microbes can be read also "How to create and breed microbes Trichoderma sp", and for friends of farmers who want to know microbial anything useful for agriculture can be read also "about the local microorganisms".

Thus the explanation of the microbes trichoderma, may be useful for friends of farmers, and can learn together with the author.

Can Progressive, Cutting-edge Organic Agriculture Feed Everyone?

Change We Can Believe In

In 2007, then presidential candidate Barack Obama promised that if elected he would direct more money for organic agriculture. He also said, “If I am elected president of the United States, I will support legislation that will require the mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods.” Now, well into his second term, it seems Obama has no intention of honoring his promises. Even if Obama honored his word, would such steps be enough to ensure our survival?

Can organic farms yield comparable outputs with conventional farms? To answer this question in 2002, Dr. Paul Mader and colleagues analyzed more than two decades of data. On average, organic farms yielded 80% of the output conventional farms produced. Although the yield was lower, the quality of the produce and the quality of the soil was far superior in every conceivable way. There are more nutrients found in organic foods.
The use of chemicals, so prevalent in modern agriculture, may result in a high yield (for a time), but their use is actually more expensive than organic food production. Conventional agriculture is more profitable for farmers due to government subsidies. That’s right; our taxes pay farmers more to cause harm to the environment and to produce chemically laden foods.
Subsistence strategies are a cultural phenomena. Just as language cannot be separated from culture neither can food be separated from culture. The food people eat and how the food is produced varies dramatically from one group of people to another. As with linguistic centrism, people tend to think that their way is the best way. Americans are often under this delusion in regards to feeding the world without simultaneously polluting it. Could the world feed itself without the so called benefits brought forth by the chemicals and drugs used in conventional agriculture?

Sustainable Farms:
Farmers all over the world are proving it can be done, among them farmers such as Takao Furuno, a successful organic farmer from Japan. The Furuno farm works as a part of an ecosystem. Every year, after planting their rice, they release hundreds of ducklings into the rice paddies. The ducklings consume weeds that would otherwise compete with the rice. They also consume pests such as insects and snails. The ducklings fertilize the rice with their waste and oxygenate the water by their movements.

Which countries have the most organic agricultural land? | World Economic Forum

4 August 2015, World Economic Forum — “Organic goods are an increasingly popular consumer choice across the world, as people respond to the reported health and environmental benefits – according to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), the value of organic goods sales reached $72 billion in 2013.

HOW TO MAKE FERTILIZER AND MICROORGANISM BIOLOGICAL PGPR FARMER ASSOCIATES

HOW TO MAKE FERTILIZER AND MICROORGANISM BIOLOGICAL PGPR FARMER ASSOCIATES

local micro-organism culturing process

On this occasion we will discuss about how to create a local micro-organisms (PGPR), the discussion yesterday we have discussed about how the benefits for our plants, so now discuss how to make it.?..
as has been discussed previously in the discussion of the benefits of biological fertilizer, here we will try to discuss how to make it, we will try to utilize raw materials that are around us are cheap, especially if the raw material is free to get it.
Now we just peeled the discussion.

Preparation of bacteria, the bacteria that we can get in our environment by:
Find healthy weeds or grass, or garbage under the bamboo grove.
Disconnect and discard the soil around the roots, but do not be too clean or leave a little soil.
Cut the roots and soak in boiling water for 2-4 days
Water immersion can be used as a source of bacteria.
Preparation of bacterial growth media:

Materials: Clean water 20ltr (do peke d tap water that has been sterilized / use water from the water source) + Shrimp without preservatives 100gr + Air leri 1ltr + Sugar 250gr + Lime dead / Enjet 1 teaspoon.

How to:
 Heat the water to a boil.
Put ingredients one at a time and stir until evenly distributed.
After cooking, chill the water until its temperature is equal to room temperature.
Filter to obtain a solution that is ready to be used for growing medium.
PGPR manufacture:
 Put the source material of bacteria in the solution to bacterial growth medium / input source of the bacteria into a solution of 2-5 glasses of growing medium.
 Mix well.
Perform stirring every day, or use the aerator.
Wait until 5-7 days, PGPR ready to sign future smells / odors tape and more turbid liquids.
The use of PGPR:
Biological fertilizer can be used starting from seed soaking, seed before planting and at planting already in the field, with a ratio of 1: 15.

PGPR

An Easy Way to Make Aquaponics at Home and urban farmers

An Easy Way to Make Aquaponics at Home and urban farmers

Aquaponics

 

 

Simply put Aquaponics can be described as a combination of aquaculture and hydroponics.
This is where the name comes from an aquaponics. The concept is very simple. Water along with fish waste from fish farming channeled to the plant because it has a lot of nutrients needed by plants whereas if disposed of waste would be useful. The plants will absorb the nutrients in the water and the fish feces. Instead, the plant will provide oxygen to the fish through the water that comes from fish farming.

Aquaponics system
In aquaponics generally plants are planted in a planting medium that is separate from the fish tank. Water is pumped from the fish tank into the planting medium and flowed back into the fish tank.
There are three basic systems in aquaponics growing media.
The planting medium is filled gravel, expanded clay, or other similar media are the simplest form of aquaponics. This system can be done in two ways:

• With continuous water flow or ebb field cycle.

Pictures aquaponics Tidal (ebb and flow) Simple:

1. fish tub

2. The water pump

3. The planting tubs

4. auto siphon

5. The planting medium

6. buffer

• Deep Water Culture

is one of the methods that are commonly used commercially. water is pumped

from the fish tank through the filtration system. Then the water is pumped to a long channel where a floating raft filled with plants is the water surface.

Or the following models:

Deep Water Culture

But both these farming systems can not be linked directly. Because the water from the reservoir fish rich in ammonia that certainly can not be absorbed by plants. Ammonia must be converted first into nitrite and nitrate form. Therefore, between the two systems laid intermediary in the form of microorganisms alias microorganisms. Nitrosomonas bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite. Then by bacteria Nitrobacter, nitrite is converted to nitrate. Currently, up to the planting environment, nitrates absorbed by plants to help growth.

Making the aquaponics system is fairly simple, although in many countries, especially Australia, various kinds of variations have been created. Some simple things you need to be prepared is the fish tank, growbed or tanks to grow the plants, medium to grow the plants and are usually in the form of stone, water pump for pumping water into growbed, air pump to deliver oxygen to the fish, and of course the fish along with the plants, as well as One thing that is important is the siphon that serves to suck water from growbed and return it in the water tank so that the plants do not rot due to waterlogged.

How To Make Easy Hydroponics at Home and Urban Farmer

How To Make Easy Hydroponics at Home and Urban Farmer

hydroponics.

Understanding and explanation Hydroponics Plant.

Hydroponics (latin: hydro = water; hot = work) is a method of farming without the use of soil media, but by using a solution of mineral nutrient or other substance containing nutrients such as coconut fiber, mineral fiber, sand, broken bricks, wood dust , and others as a substitute for soil media.
Hydroponic plants can be done in small - piecemeal at home as a hobby or a large - scale commercial purposes. Some of the advantages of plants in hydroponic systems, among others:
Environmentally friendly because it does not use pesticides or insecticides that can damage the soil, using water only 1/20 of ordinary plants, and reduce CO2 because it does not need to use a vehicle or machinery.
These plants do not damage the soil because it does not use soil media and also do not need a large place.
Plant roots can check periodically to ensure its growth.
More efficient use of water for watering the water does not need to be done every day because the mineral solution used media always accommodated inside the container used.
Results can be eaten whole plant, including the roots because it is free from dirt and pests.
More efficient because it does not have to pour water on a daily basis, does not require a lot of land, crops media can be made in stages.
Faster plant growth and quality of the crop can be maintained.
Could save the use of agricultural fertilizers.
Do not need a lot of manpower.
Cleaner working environment.
No problem pests and plant diseases caused by bacteria, worms and nematodes are widely available in the soil.
Can be planted anywhere even in the garage and rocky ground.
Can be planted at any time because they do not know the seasons.
Some plants are often grown hydroponically, is pakchoy vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale, tomatoes, onions, even strowbery, etc. Thus the plant is often the primary choice of vegetarians who are very concerned the murder of a plant if there are living things, mixed with chemical elements, environmental conservation and reforestation.

Some Important Factors to Look

hydroponic plants.

Nutrition solution, should pay attention to the amount and pH corresponding elements. Elements pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. This nutrient solution containing concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, in large numbers, while the elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, and Cl in small quantities. Nutrient solution made by dissolving the salt - fertilizer salts in water. Various types of fertilizer salts can be used for nutrient solution, the choice is usually over priced and the solubility of the fertilizer salts.
Growing Media, among others, consists of bricks, sand, gravel, husk charcoal, sponge, pumice, etc.
Water must be considered, the quality of water used, the salinity level does not exceed 2500 ppm and EC value of not more than 6.0 mmhos / cm. The water should not contain too many heavy metal elements.
Oxygen, plays an important role in hydroponics. Lack of oxygen will cause the cell walls are difficult to penetrate, so the plants will be short of water. Thus the plant will quickly wither because the solution does not contain oxygen. Administration of oxygen into the solution can be through air bubbles bubbles as the water pump used aquarium, replacing the nutrient solution regularly, cleaning or uproot plants that are too long, and provide the ventilation holes at the site of implantation.

How to make :

• Guttering cut to a size of 1 meter.
• PVC pipe to drain the water from the pool to the respective gutter by using a pump pond water that flowed in from the front of the gutter side up and out of the lower end of the other side gutters.
• Cork stereoform which cut the size of gutters and punched to the size of a mini plastic cups that - that Jely.
• Buy a pack of snack foods jelly Jely in supermarkets, and having eaten it, the plastic can be used by cutting to the ends (split one side) so that it can be clamped vegetables to be planted.
• cotton sieve size cut small fish For wrapping the upper root vegetables.
• enter vegetables that have been wrapped in cotton filter into plastic cups that - that Jely and place it in the hole - hole cork gutters that flowed water ponds.
• To prevent caterpillars and insects or other pests, can be closed by using a fine mesh.

Easy Hydroponics

Integrated Agricultural Using Concept Permaculture and Natural Pesticides Towards Healthy FoodPermaculture is a design science disciplines of ecology, ecological engineering science, and environmental science and architectural design to develop sustainable agricultural systems based on natural ecosystem. The core of permaculture systems are:

Integrated Agricultural Using Concept Permaculture and Natural Pesticides Towards Healthy Food

Permaculture is a design science disciplines of ecology, ecological engineering science, and environmental science and architectural design to develop sustainable agricultural systems based on natural ecosystem.

The core of permaculture systems are:

• Care about the earth, because without a healthy earth man can not prosper.
• Care about humans, that all human beings should have access to the resources needed for their lives, one of them is getting access to healthy food.
• To recover the surplus and agricultural inputs into the system, including restoring agricultural waste for recycling.

One of the core methods permaculture system is that one element can perform multiple functions.
One example, place a block on the outskirts of the city, in summer residents maintain or care for the sheep. The main task is to control the sheep eat the grass by the way. And sheep are also a source of fertilizer through their droppings, he became a pet and controlling the grass until the end of the growing season, and sheep are a source of protein-containing foods are organic.

Etymology
One of the inventors of permaculture is David Holmgren, he described that permaculture system is place or an area that is designed to mimic the patterns and relationships that exist in nature, and also a place that could produce food, fiber and energy for local residents. The term "permaculture" as a systematic method that was first coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in 1978. The term "permaculture" refers to a sedentary farming, and developed more widely to be a "permanent culture" inspired by the philosophy of natural farming that became cultural Fukuoka (culture of) them. In 1981, Mollison was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, which is claimed as an alternative "Nobel Prize". Mollison was given the award because "has been developing and promoting the theory and practice of permaculture".

A permaculture teacher in America, Warren Brush, estimates that there are currently 2.5 million permaculture practitioners in 135 countries. According to Brush, claims that permaculture is currently feeding more people than the entire aid program in the world is true.

Permaculture methods developed from experiments in the field of agriculture, architecture and social that has lasted for hundreds of years.

The unique of this science is because it successfully combines all disciplines into one integrated system. Many ideas early in permaculture is now widely practiced, like the process of making organic fertilizer (Please read also how to make organic fertilizer), vertical gardens, the use of the coating material (mulching), rain water harvesting with moist soil (swales), aquaponic, and so on ,

Permaculture can adapt and control the different concepts, such as passive solar heating and duck farms, into one integrated structure. Until, this science also has many branches.

One example is the branch 'permablitz', where a number of volunteers gathered in one place in a suburban area for sharing power and grow food. This concept was first conceived in Melbourne, Australia, in 2006, by a young graduate named Dan Palmer permaculture.

The idea then spread to many countries, such as Indonesia, Canada, Portugal, Turkey and the United States.

While Transition Towns is a movement that originated in Ireland, driven by permaculture teacher named Rob Hopkins. He made the concept of a bottom-up process that prepares people to confront climate change and the decline in petroleum supplies.

Site David Holmgren Permaculture even suggested that perhaps is one of the 'export intellectual' Australia's most significant. Powerhouse Museum in Sydney also mentioned that permaculture is one of Australia's greatest innovation in the century after the formation of the Federation, or the independence of this country.

Integrated Agricultural Using Concept Permaculture and Natural Pesticides Towards Healthy Food

History
In 1929, Joseph Russell Smith taking what he termed as permanent agriculture in his book Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture that contains the results of research on fruit and nut trees as crops for human food and animal feed. Smith sees the world as a whole relationship and proposes to use a mixed system orchard trees and crops that take shelter among the trees. This book inspired many individuals to make agriculture more sustainable.

Permaculture Concept

Working Principle Permaculture

agroforestry      

Agroforestry is an integrated approach to explore the interaction between trees and shrubs with crops and livestock. Agroforestry combines agricultural and forestry technologies to manipulate land use more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable. In agroforestry systems, trees and shrubs used in farming systems or non-timber forest products cultivated in the forest environment. One form of agroforestry is permaculture forest garden.

Hügelkultur

Hügelkultur is the practice of stockpiling large amounts of wood on the ground to improve the soil's ability to hold water. Wood decomposes to form a porous structure that is capable of absorbing water in the rainy season so that the soil will not dry in the dry season.

Natural building

Natural building involves a number of systems and building materials that emphasize environmental sustainability. Many ways to achieve sustainability through natural building structure that maintains durability and use of materials minimally processed or recycled materials, use of renewable resources, non-toxic, and maintain indoor air quality. The main base of natural building is the need to reduce the environmental impact of building and other support systems without sacrificing comfort, health, and aesthetics. So that is more sustainable use of natural building materials available in large quantities in nature, renewable and recyclable. In addition, the existing system in such a building control system temperature and air flow naturally cultivated.

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater for later use before reaching the aquifer. Rainwater has been used as drinking water, sanitation livestock drinking water, irrigation, and other uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses and other buildings are able to add contributions to the community water supply. Rainwater that has been used is still isa reprocessed as well as gray water that can be used for watering plants to wash.

Coating mulch

In the practice of agriculture and gardening, mulch is a protective layer to cover the ground. Any object that can be used as mulch include rocks, gravel, foliage, planks of wood, wood chips, and so on. In permaculture, mulch made from organic preferred because it has more functions, which absorb rainwater, reducing evaporation, provide nutrients, increasing the organic content soil, provides a habitat for soil organisms, restrain the growth of weeds, regulate temperature changes daily land, protect from freezing (frosting) and reducing erosion.

Rotational grazing

Grazing animals deemed to cause damage to the environment, but it is now known that grazing is actually a model emulated directly from nature so that minimal damage to the environment. Rotational grazing animals are grazing systems where livestock grazed regularly and systematically moving from one location to another while providing an opportunity for the grass to grow back. This method can also be used to control invasive species and made to feed a variety of animals such as ruminants, rabbits, poultry,

Natural Pesticides

Natural pesticide is a pesticide active ingredients derived from plants, such as roots, leaves, stems or fruit. The chemicals contained in the plant have bioactivity against insects, such as repellent or repellent ingredient, eat or antifeedant inhibitor, inhibiting the development of insect or insect growth regulators, and inhibitors of spawning, or oviposition deterrent.

Pesticides are used to control pests that attack plants. Material from plants usually processed into various forms, such as being a flour, extract or resin. The production is done by taking a liquid secondary metabolites from the plant or you can also burnt to ashes taken.

While pesticides are used to control plant diseases usually use microbes positive for farmers, their working principle as opposed or natural enemies of harmful microbes farmers. So the population will determine who wins and who loses, so the application of the use of natural pesticides normally we should use it more often, with a population more hope can win the battle.

From the explanation above we can conclude, it would be a lot of positive value if we can implement what is in the pillowcase in this article, including:

• Natural ecosystems can be maintained.
• In terms of capital spending can have minimal farming business, because it needs a little more manure can be fulfilled by animals that we keep.
• Double income, we can get the results of which we harvest crops and livestock that we sell.
• Access to healthy food is very easy to implement this pattern.

And maybe the readers could add another conclusion from me, and maybe I am both ends discussion of "integrated farming uses the concept of permaculture and natural pesticides towards healthy food", more or less I apologize, and slightly asked readers to share my post this, so This article can be useful more for those actors in the agricultural sector.

Source:

• Mollison, Bill (1988). Permaculture: A Designers' Manual. Tagari Publications. p. 2. ISBN 0-908228-01-5.
• Smith, Joseph Russell; Smith, John (1987). Tree Crops: A permanent agriculture. Island Press. ISBN 9781597268738.

Integrated Agricultural Using Concept Permaculture and Natural Pesticides Towards Healthy Food

From Papaya Cultivation Into Botanical Gardens

From Papaya Cultivation Into Botanical Gardens

Raising Papaya

 

 

 

 

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit. This plant is believed to originate from the tropics in the Americas. From this place spread to various parts of the world.

        Papaya cultivation can be done in the lowlands up to an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level. However, optimal land elevation ranges from 50-700 meters above sea level. These plants require about 1000-2000 mm of rainfall per year is evenly distributed throughout the year. In the area of seasonal dried papaya tree can still be fruitful with the help of regular watering.

      Good soil drainage is needed in the cultivation of papaya. Stagnant water will cause root rot in papaya plants. These plants require loose soil with good porosity and soil pH around 6-7.

Nature papaya plants

     Papaya is a herbaceous plant that can grow up to 3 meters. Papaya stem hollow, soft tissues and watery. This plant has a taproot and the roots of the soft side. Shallow root growth and somewhat weaker.

       Papaya flowers grow in axillary, either single or sequence of interest. There are three types of papaya flowers, the male flowers, female flowers and perfect flowers (having pistils and stamens or hermaphrodite).

     Based on the nature of the flower, known papaya tree male, female tree and the tree perfectly. Male papaya trees will not produce fruit, while the female papaya tree will produce fruit that is rounded, flesh thin. Papaya fruit desired with an elongated shape produced from papaya tree is perfect.

                               Papaya Flower Males                                 Papaya Flower Females

Selection of papaya seeds

      Here the author uses Indonesian origin seed varieties Calina IPB9. For the cultivation of papaya seeds obtained from selected seeds. To get as many perfect papaya trees required accuracy and skill in selecting candidates for the seed.

The good seed is obtained from the papaya fruit produced perfect tree. Elongated fruit shape, not defective and free of disease. The fruit as much as possible left to ripen on the tree.

      Papaya seeds contained in the fruit cavity, there is a dark black color there is a pale white. White seeds are seeds that die will not grow. Black seeds that can grow into a tree, but only about 25-50% being perfect tree depending on the nature of genetics. The rest becomes a tree female and male trees.

       Seeds that grow at the end of the fruit has the possibility to grow into a perfect papaya tree over the base. To select seed should take seed on the tip until the middle of the fruit. Do not take the seeds from the fruit base.

Seeding papaya

      Before seeded, the seeds need to germinate which still dry first. It is useful to shorten the time the cultivation of papaya. First soak the seeds in lukewarm water for one night. Then select the seeds that sink, if any seeds that float in the water can be separated by seed sink, because a very small proportion grew from seeds that float.

      Prepare tissue paper / rags for packaging, wet wipes / rag with water. Sprinkle the seeds that have been soaked on paper towels and then close it with a tissue and flush or wet. Enter the package seeds in baskets (woven bamboo boxes) or other similar container. Place or container must be able to penetrate the water or drain water from the experience usually in clear plastic wrap kmdian d wrap again with black plastic, then hung in a shaded let a little sunlight, the germination of seeds need a temperature of about 30 degrees Celsius. The seeds will sprout after 7-10 days or may be, during that time maintained kelembabab seedling media, if the media can be sprayed dried ..

     Once the seeds germinate into seedlings, move-sprouts sprouts are in polybag seedlings, the seedlings one polybag. Choose a small polybag with size 9 × 15 cm. Previously, the contents of the media polybag nursery consists of soil, compost, rice husk which has been sieved with a ratio of 1: 1: 1.

      Once the seedlings are transferred wet media to keep moisture. Then place these in a polybag polybag-shaded nursery chamber. Shade can be made of clear plastic or paranet. Its function is to protect the seedlings from the disbursement of direct rain, sun and wind.

Seedlings ready to move to the land openly after the age of 40-50 days from seedling.

Tillage and planting

     Here is a processing area for papaya cultivation in dry land or a stretch of non terracing. First, hoeing or plowed land to loosen the soil. Then create beds with a width of 2 meters, the length adjusting landform and 20-30 cm high. The distance between beds width 50 cm. Spacing should be adapted to the cultivation of papaya acreage, many technical problems planting distance, there is the use of 2x2, 2x2,5, and some are using 2,25x2,75m, while from personal experience using a 2.1 X 2.5 meters ,

     Make the planting hole according to plant spacing, planting hole size 50x50x40 cm. We recommend making holes for planting are not in the rainy season. When digging the planting hole, remove top soil to bottom soil. Leave the hole open for 1-2 weeks.

Mixed with basic fertilizers such as compost or manure that has been cooked with top soil. 20 kg fertilizer per planting hole. Then enter the first ground into the bottom of the planting hole, then insert the top of the soil. Let the back of the planting hole that has been closed for 1-2 weeks.

       For the record, to soil that has a pH below 5 neutralize with lime or dolomite. Dose of 0.1 kg of lime per hole. Giving dolomite at least at least 1 week before planting, and for clay should not have made the planting hole, immediately make a mound with the provision of compost in the planting area scatterplot, suppose more in sandy land required to make the planting hole.

       After the planting hole is ready, remove the seeds from the polybag seedlings to the planting hole. Seedlings are ready to be moved at least 45 days after sowing. Do watering in the morning or late afternoon until at least 1.5 months old plant since moved / when planted during the dry season.

      There are two habits of farmers in the cultivation of papaya, which is to plant a seed in the planting hole or two seeds in one hole seedling. The purpose of planting two seeds to avoid the growth of papaya papaya males and females as well as facilitate stitching.

      At 2-3 months, when the first flowering of papaya, papaya revoke the selection for undesirable. In the end only one perfect papaya per planting hole that is allowed to grow to fruition.

Papaya cultivation care

Stitching plant after the plant was carried out 2 months after planting. Plants that grow ugly or diseased repealed and replaced by the new seeds. When using two seeds in the planting hole, simply unplug the plants that look good.

Here are some tips given by Prof. Sobir of Tropical Fruit Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, to select the perfect papaya plants.

• Observe when the flowering trees for the first time. Flowers grow in the armpit leaves. When the flower that grows single, female flowers or flower means perfect. This interest came out at age 2-3 months. When a group or in a series of means male, the tree should be removed and embroidered with other seeds.
• Pluck the flowers and then press the edges with the thumbs up to open, when the flowers are out the male trees means this is the perfect tree to be maintained. Perfect flower will appear 1-2 months later.
• When pressed out after the female flowers, means this tree female tree. Means should be repealed.
• Then the plants were revoked embroidery with new seedlings. Or, if we apply the method of planting two trees in the planting hole, move the perfect tree from another hole. Due to the hole can only be raised one perfect tree.

Fertilization aftershocks started 2 weeks after the seedlings are transferred. Fertilization is given by digging a trench encircling the papaya plant. Trench depth of approximately 5-10 cm, mix the fertilizer is placed in the trench. The following provisions papaya cultivation fertilization:

• The first fertilization, the age of 2 weeks, 30 g Urea, SP-36 40 g, ZA 40 g and KCl  20 grams per tree.
• Fertilization second, the age of 1 month, 40 g Urea, SP-36 70 g, ZA 70 g and KCl 30 grams per tree.
• Fertilization third, 4 months old, 45 g Urea, SP-36 80 g,  ZA 80 g and KCl 60 grams per tree.
• The fourth fertilizing, age 6 months, 50 g Urea, SP-36 90 g, ZA 90 g and KCl  70 grams per tree.
• Fertilization then every month, 60 g Urea, SP-36 100 g, ZA  100 g and KCl 75 g per tree

The fertilization of personal experience as follows:

• Fertilization 1, age 0.5 months, ZA 15gr, SP-36 15gr and 20gr Ponska NPK.
• Fertilization 2 and 3 / when Unur 1.5 and 2.5 bln, ZA 10gr, SP-36 30gr and 60gr Ponska NPK.
• Fertilization to 3 and 4 / at the age of 4.5 and 5.5 bln SP-36 NPK Ponska 100gr and 100gr.
• Fertilization to 4 onwards at the age of 6.5 and onwards every month SP-36 NPK Ponska 100gr and 200gr.
• Leaf fertilizer application with maximum interfal 10hri once, adjusted to the future plant.
• Organic matter / organic fertilizer to the soil and the plants regularly every month adjusted with the development of the plant, the more organic matter will be one of the indicators of soil fertility ..

More looks best when fertilization can be done with a balanced fertilization, with the use of pepuk biological, organic fertilizer, and chemical fertilizers, can see the benefits of nutrients to the plants here, the benefits of organic materials can be viewed here or how to make organic fertilizer here.

Pests and Diseases

1. Kebul Lice / Fleas leaves

Attack aphids (Aphis gossypii usually of the type and Myzuspersicae) like a vampire, they will suck the liquid in the leaves until they run out. As a result, the leaves dry and frizzy.

• attack pattern

In addition to sucking the liquid in the leaves, these pests once hooked carry other diseases. Aphids will carry other diseases (vectors) such as viruses and greenish-yellow discharge that invites ants and fungi to cause black as soot layer on the surface of leaves

• Control.

Technically, quotation and destroy the leaves that have been attacked. Note also the cleanliness of the garden. Spraying using the insecticide in the afternoon in order to be effective.

2. Pests Thrips

Attacks trips usually intensified during the dry season and is often seen in the Area of flowers and in the bung. These pests also act as carriers of the virus and spreads very easily.

Control is technically able to utilize the natural predators of these pests, such as beetles and ladybugs. Maintaining the cleanliness of the garden (remember, the base healthy clean .. yes) effectively suppress development. In addition, crop rotation helps control pests of this type. Spraying is done when a widespread attack. Use insecticides according to the instructions and in roling that are not resistant pests and spraying in the afternoon.

3. Pests Mites

Yellow mites attack (Polyphagustarsonemus), or red mite (Tetranycus sp) will cause leaf curl rolling down like a spoon shape inverted. The leaves will be stiff and thick, shoot growth becomes stunted, the leaves will slowly turns brown and eventually die.

Attack Pattern

The attack occurred at the dry season, in the shaded area. Well this is to watch, the population would increase if we use too many pesticides or chemical fertilizers artificial leaf that contains sulfur (sulfur). The spread can occur through the hands of the workers or the wind.

Control

To prevent this, try the papaya growing areas not adjacent to the cassava plant. Maintaining the cleanliness of the garden turned out to effectively reduce mite attack ... .bersih healthy base also applies here.

In the onslaught, spraying with insecticides less effective, but quite effectively by using poison mites (acaricides). Control is recommended good sanitation.

4. Fruit Flies

These pests can cause flower and fruit will be a loss and can cause us to fail to harvest. And may shatter all our dreams ... serious.

Attack Pattern

Pest fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, B. carambolae) can be sourced from the infected fruit, the pupae in the soil, from host plants such as cucumbers, starfruit, or derived from plants that have been attacked by adjacent chili

Dissemination and transmission occurs very easily because the fly is one type of insect (insect) enabled flew especially during the transitional seasons.

Attacks usually occur after a rather late, ie after the plants dried up from the morning dew.

Control

Ovary which fall to be cleansed then keep more precisely if burned, curry ovaries that have been hit are usually found eggs of fruit flies itself in letakan role in the ovaries, can also make a fly trap, can you buy at the farm shop. Flies stimulated to enter the trap.

Papaya Plant Disease

1. Antraknosa (Patek)

The attack pattern and distribution

The picture above occurred on chilli plants, in papaya disease is perched on plants and papaya, the source of the disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The source can originate from diseased crop residues or from seeds that are already infected. As a result of attack can occur starting at the nursery phase. The disease causes wilting sprout when planted. While the adult stage causes dieback attacks, attacks on leaves and stems causing dry rot. Meanwhile, attacks on the fruit will cause the fruit to rot like a burn.

Control

This disease can be carried away from the seed or seeds. Prevention can be done by choosing seeds healthy and free of pathogens. Canopy conditions not too moist and not too excessive use of artificial fertilizers containing nitrogen (N). Soil containing Ca (Calcium) is low can also trigger the development. Control can be done by destroying crops / fruits were attacked and spraying by using fungicides.

2. Cercospora leaf spot disease

Attack Pattern

Leaf spot disease that attacks the papaya plant caused by the fungus Cercospora capsici. The characteristics of the affected plants are characterized by the presence of circular patches of gray with brown fringes on the leaves. When the attacks intensified leaves will yellow and eventually fall. This disease usually strikes during the rainy season which is quite high humidity conditions.

The disease is spread when fungal spores and can still be carried by the wind, rain, pests vectors, and farm tools. Fungal spores can also be attached to the seed.

Control

• Best control is prevention. Prevention of this disease can be done by choosing a healthy seed free of pathogens.
• Loosen the planting density is useful to minimize the attack so that the environment is not too humid.
• Technical control can be done by spraying fungicides.

3. Root Rot, Stem, and fruit.

There are two kinds of rot disease that usually attacks the papaya plant, the stem rot and bud rot. Stem and fruit rot in papaya plants caused by Phytophthora capsici. Attack during the rainy season and is spreading fast.

Bud rot caused by the fungus Choanosearum sp. The disease is never any serious attacks in Indonesia. Symptoms, plant buds in black and gradually die.

Triggers progression of the disease can be:

• poor drainage
• the use of N fertilizer (urea) that is too high
• manure is not ripe
• many nematodes
• land previously planted red pepper or cucumber

This disease can be controlled by reducing the dose of nitrogen fertilizer such as urea and ZA. The use of organic fertilizer mature, to root rot if we land of clay / clay should make the planting hole, because of the risk during the rainy season. Then set a spacing for air circulation running smoothly. Plants that have been infected should be removed and burned. Spraying can be done with a fungicide.

Harvesting

California papaya cultivation can usually be harvested on average after the age of 7 months. The frequency of harvesting can be done every 5 days. Productivity cultivation of papaya can be harvested until the age of 3-4 years with the provision of care and regular fertilization.

Papaya fruit is picked to be approaching the stage of mature trees. Character lines are yellowing of the skin of the fruit. When the harvest will be sold to distant places, can be learned early.

Little exchange of experience in the cultivation of papaya california, may be useful for the reader.

Thank you.

How To Grow Roses In The Yard And In The Pot Right

How To Grow Roses In The Yard And In The Pot Right

Plant Roses In The Yard

Roses are the traditional flowers, beautiful and fragrant, and you can grow roses in the yard and in the pot. Naturally "every rose there are prickly," but actually a beautiful flower does not need much care. All it needs is a little attention and a sunny spot with good drainage. If you want to know how to plant roses and see them flourish, bring color and happiness to your home.

types and kinds of roses so diverse that this flower is an ornamental plant that has been chosen as home decoration because of its beauty. benefits rose the most prominent of course physical beauty, a special feature of the rose plant can be seen from the shape and distinctive refreshing fragrance. Could you grow roses in the yard and in the pots. How to plant roses is also not to be arbitrary, you must know the techniques and the proper way to plant roses. If carelessly then chances are you planting roses will wither and die. In addition to planting the right way, you also have to know how to care for roses in order to get results that suit us when going to plant it.

The process of planting in flower cultivation is also an important thing, including roses, in the cultivation of roses are many things that must be considered in the process of planting. In order for roses we planted will grow healthily.

Here is how the planting of roses either, for the first growing roses in the yard.

Preparation tools and materials

• Shovel / hoe
• Compost
• Pruning shears
• Gardening gloves

Preparation plant
Many variants of what will be a wonderful addition to your garden, but it is important to check what types of roses that grow well in your area by reading books on roses. You can also consider the flower display and size. Here are a number of variants of the most popular and beautiful roses:

• Floribunda. This is the kind of rose the most colorful, such as shrubs that grow freely, creating groups of three to fifteen flower planting at all (not just one). This shrub can grow alone, but it looks to be the most impressive when you plant them next to each other forming a line-by side.
• Hybrid Tea. This is one of the most popular types of roses, grows straight up one flower per stalk. This is the type of rose is perhaps most often be found in a flower shop.
• Grandiflora. Variants of this beautiful rose is a blend of floribunda and hybrid tea. Vines can grow up to 180 centimeters and create groups of classic hybrid tea roses.
• Rose bushes and landscape. These roses have different shapes and sizes so as to adjust the planting spot. They grow close to the ground and their natural immune diseases; they also require less maintenance than other roses.
• These types of roses climbing roses add "flavor" to your garden. Typically grow vines fence or trellis. Long trunk curved and covered a lot of interest so as to cover the pillars, walls, or any structure that enabled it.
• Miniature roses. This is the smallest rose plants and can grow anywhere from 15 to 60 centimeters. Rose type is suitable for planting in pots and grown in a narrow space.
• Rose trees. These roses have strong roots and branched, growing long stem roses grow other then branch out on it. Tree roses stunning to behold, but it takes more care so that these plants can survive during the winter.

Site Selection Growing roses in the yard

Having found the ideal location to plant roses in the yard we could do of making the planting hole and simultaneously cultivate land by mixing organic fertilizers in order to become loose and can get top soil (top soil), a suggestion that could be at a depth of 10-15 cm soil its upper layer, for planting can be a distance of 60 cm x 60 cm between plants or 75x75 cm.

Growing roses in the yard

• Rose seedling nursery can be taken from the media, if the first flush of polybag media cropping, so that when releasing the seeds of roses are not many who fall soil and the roots are not many who drop out, so do not make seeds stress.
• Seedlings roses planting right in the middle of the hole that has been made, then backfilled with soil to cover the roots, and compaction is done slowly, with hope when compressing it slowly makes the roots of seedlings roses do not drop out.
• Care of roses can be done by watering regularly except the rainy season, fertilizer and if possible every month given organic fertilizer for their needs, adjusted for age and her great plants rose itself, frequent monitoring of pests and plant diseases, if any pests or disease can be carried out by spraying insecticides (for more details how to make a natural insecticide, please open the archive menu again, because I've been over). Further pruning so that the plant is not too thick, and in order to maintain the health of the plant.

Thus the discussion about planting roses in the yard, and we just discuss how to plant roses in the pots.

Grow Roses In The Pot

Some people choose to plant roses in pots because of the shortage of land or premises. To plant roses in the pots, there are techniques that you need to consider and do. How to plant roses with cuttings for example, you should prepare the seedlings cuttings that you need. In this issue, we recommend that you choose a rod in the center and not too far from the base. Do not use the tip of the young, the chances of success are very slim. How to plant roses is not arbitrary, and to note also the need to use scissors to cut the already sterilized that are not easily affected by the disease or fungus.

Cuttings of roses made on old roses with a 4-6 cm long cut using cutting tools sharp and clean. Planting medium used for the cultivation of roses is a pure land without any fertilizer because soil containing fertilizer can inhibit the growth of stem roses in cuttings.

Use polybag small size or with a size of 10 x 15 cm and can be adjusted with the availability in your area, then fill the ground to the nursery, plug pieces of roses section of the center to a depth of half a planting medium, give water and do not forget to pierce the plastic poly bag with a stick , put in the shade the growing media and fertilizers should not be used until the roots grow out and ready to be moved into the pot.

After providing the seeds of roses, prepare well for the plant pot, the pot you use can be made of clay, plastic, cement or ceramic. Depending on your taste, adjust the size of the pots you need, but my advice to the size of a large pot. After that, how to plant roses others are preparing the ground. Good soil is humus soil for planting, if there is no use of land around is not anything, then also prepare organic fertilizer and biochar, a ratio of 2: 1.5: 0.5. The use of fertilizers and soil also must be adapted to the type of roses you plant.

When the leaves have appeared three pieces mean rose plant is already ready to move to the planting medium is new, move by tearing polybag without damaging the soil and then insert it into the planting medium is new, because the roses prone to diseases is necessary to note the signs in the form of leaf rust and black spots that appear because it can cause loss of leaves of roses.

enter the seedling stem cuttings of roses that you prepare. Plug in the trunk on the ground already in the pot. Once plugged in, flush with water. Sprinkle a little, not too much. After that how to plant roses hereinafter that keep your plant is in a cool place, better if it is not exposed to direct sunlight.

Save your plants in a dark place is also highly recommended, is that sprout from buds roses you can grow and develop properly and begin aroused. That way the roots will begin to grow in a given stimulus, check a few days until your rose plants to sprout, if it grows then move it your rose plant to a brighter place. At that time, the plant roses you really need sunlight as the initial process of photosynthesis, plants flush your roses regularly until we see the flowering period and we can learn or be left to enjoy the beautiful scenery in our yard.

Thus I can convey information about how to grow roses in the yard and in the pot right, hopefully what is conveyed in this discussion can be useful, and do not forget to share it with others